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Review Article
Online Published: 01 Jul 2025
 


Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease

Samuel Oluwaseun Alowoeshin, Oghenetejiri C Ovwigho-ugbede, Timothy Kwame Asem, Favour Onasokhare Okunbi, Anthony Nduka Kokelu, Kwesi Akonu Adom Mensah Forson.


Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient critical for numerous biological processes, including oxygen transport, mitochondrial respiration, DNA synthesis, and enzymatic reactions. However, its redox activity also renders it potentially toxic, necessitating precise regulation of its absorption, transport, storage, and recycling. This review explores the molecular mechanisms that govern iron homeostasis at both systemic and cellular levels, highlighting the pivotal roles of hepcidin, ferroportin, transferrin, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and iron regulatory proteins (IRPs). Dysregulation in these pathways can lead to either iron deficiency or iron overload, both of which are associated with significant morbidity. The paper categorizes iron metabolism disorders into primary and secondary iron overload disorders—such as hereditary hemochromatosis, ferroportin disease, aceruloplasminemia, and transfusional siderosis—as well as iron deficiency syndromes including iron deficiency anemia, anemia of inflammation, and iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia. Emphasis is placed on the genetic basis, pathophysiology, diagnostic biomarkers, and current treatment strategies for each condition. Furthermore, the review discusses the clinical implications of misregulated iron metabolism in systemic diseases such as neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathy, endocrine dysfunction, and malignancy. By integrating recent advances in molecular biology with clinical data, this work underscores the necessity of early diagnosis and tailored therapeutic approaches to mitigate complications arising from iron imbalance. Understanding these intricate regulatory networks provides a foundation for improved management and the development of targeted interventions for iron-related disorders.

Key words: KEYWORDS: Hepcidine, ferroportin, anaemia, iron overload, transferrin, iron deficiency


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Alowoeshin SO, Ovwigho-ugbede OC, Asem TK, Okunbi FO, Kokelu AN, Forson KAAM. Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. Eu J Sci Res Rev. 2025; 3(2): 85-104. doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912

Web Style

Alowoeshin SO, Ovwigho-ugbede OC, Asem TK, Okunbi FO, Kokelu AN, Forson KAAM. Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. https://www.wisdomgale.com/ejsrr/?mno=258964 [Access: July 13, 2025]. doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alowoeshin SO, Ovwigho-ugbede OC, Asem TK, Okunbi FO, Kokelu AN, Forson KAAM. Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. Eu J Sci Res Rev. 2025; 3(2): 85-104. doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alowoeshin SO, Ovwigho-ugbede OC, Asem TK, Okunbi FO, Kokelu AN, Forson KAAM. Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. Eu J Sci Res Rev. (2025), [cited July 13, 2025]; 3(2): 85-104. doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912


Harvard Style

Alowoeshin, S. O., Ovwigho-ugbede, . O. C., Asem, . T. K., Okunbi, . F. O., Kokelu, . A. N. & Forson, . K. A. A. M. (2025) Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. Eu J Sci Res Rev, 3 (2), 85-104. doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912


Turabian Style

Alowoeshin, Samuel Oluwaseun, Oghenetejiri C Ovwigho-ugbede, Timothy Kwame Asem, Favour Onasokhare Okunbi, Anthony Nduka Kokelu, and Kwesi Akonu Adom Mensah Forson. 2025. Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. European Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews, 3 (2), 85-104. doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912


Chicago Style

Alowoeshin, Samuel Oluwaseun, Oghenetejiri C Ovwigho-ugbede, Timothy Kwame Asem, Favour Onasokhare Okunbi, Anthony Nduka Kokelu, and Kwesi Akonu Adom Mensah Forson. "Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease." European Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews 3 (2025), 85-104. doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alowoeshin, Samuel Oluwaseun, Oghenetejiri C Ovwigho-ugbede, Timothy Kwame Asem, Favour Onasokhare Okunbi, Anthony Nduka Kokelu, and Kwesi Akonu Adom Mensah Forson. "Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease." European Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews 3.2 (2025), 85-104. Print. doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alowoeshin, S. O., Ovwigho-ugbede, . O. C., Asem, . T. K., Okunbi, . F. O., Kokelu, . A. N. & Forson, . K. A. A. M. (2025) Molecular Regulation and Clinical Implications of Iron Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. European Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews, 3 (2), 85-104. doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250517055912


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