Beetroot Extract Solution as a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy- An in Vitro Study

Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez Duran; Ana Paula Taboada Sobral; Amanda Rafaelly Honório Mandetta; Marcela Letícia Leal Gonçalves; Monica Rosas Da Costa Iemma; Eliane  Trovatti; Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes; Renato Araujo Prates; Raquel Agnelli Mesquita Ferrari; Sandra Kalil Bussadori

doi:10.5455/JPPR.20250820113600

J Pharmacol Pharm Res. 2026; 3(2): 42-53

doi: 10.5455/JPPR.20250820113600

Beetroot Extract Solution as a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy- An in Vitro Study

Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez Duran, Ana Paula Taboada Sobral, Amanda Rafaelly Honório Mandetta, Marcela Letícia Leal Gonçalves, Monica Rosas Da Costa Iemma, Eliane Trovatti, Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes, Renato Araujo Prates, Raquel Agnelli Mesquita Ferrari, Sandra Kalil Bussadori.

Abstract
Background: The use of natural dyes in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has gained increasing attention due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and potential clinical applicability. However, the photodynamic performance of crude, non-purified plant extracts remains poorly explored. This preclinical study evaluated the physicochemical stability, cytocompatibility, and antimicrobial behavior of beetroot extract as a natural photosensitizer for aPDT. Methods: The extract was assessed through pH monitoring, absorbance analysis, microbiological assays against Candida albicans, and cytotoxicity tests using L929 fibroblast cells, in accordance with ISO 10993-5 standards. Results: The results demonstrated that the beetroot extract maintained pH stability and exhibited acceptable cytocompatibility at the tested concentrations. Although limited absorbance in the visible spectrum was observed, the extract remained chemically stable under irradiation conditions and showed intrinsic antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: These findings provide important preliminary insights into both the potential and limitations of beetroot extract as a photosensitizer for aPDT, supporting future optimization strategies aimed at improving light absorption and antimicrobial efficacy.

Key words: Beetroot Extract, Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, Betalains, Candida Albicans, Cytotoxicity, Photosensitizer.

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How to Cite this Article

Pubmed Style

Duran CCG, Sobral APT, Mandetta ARH, Goncalves MLL, Iemma MRDC, Trovatti E, Fernandes KPS, Prates RA, Ferrari RAM, Bussadori SK. Beetroot Extract Solution as a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy- An in Vitro Study. J Pharmacol Pharm Res. 2026; 3(2): 42-53. doi:10.5455/JPPR.20250820113600

Web Style

Duran CCG, Sobral APT, Mandetta ARH, Goncalves MLL, Iemma MRDC, Trovatti E, Fernandes KPS, Prates RA, Ferrari RAM, Bussadori SK. Beetroot Extract Solution as a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy- An in Vitro Study. https://www.wisdomgale.com/jppr/?mno=278541 [Access: June 30, 2026]. doi:10.5455/JPPR.20250820113600

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Duran CCG, Sobral APT, Mandetta ARH, Goncalves MLL, Iemma MRDC, Trovatti E, Fernandes KPS, Prates RA, Ferrari RAM, Bussadori SK. Beetroot Extract Solution as a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy- An in Vitro Study. J Pharmacol Pharm Res. 2026; 3(2): 42-53. doi:10.5455/JPPR.20250820113600

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Duran CCG, Sobral APT, Mandetta ARH, Goncalves MLL, Iemma MRDC, Trovatti E, Fernandes KPS, Prates RA, Ferrari RAM, Bussadori SK. Beetroot Extract Solution as a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy- An in Vitro Study. J Pharmacol Pharm Res. (2026), [cited June 30, 2026]; 3(2): 42-53. doi:10.5455/JPPR.20250820113600

Harvard Style

Duran, C. C. G., Sobral, . A. P. T., Mandetta, . A. R. H., Goncalves, . M. L. L., Iemma, . M. R. D. C., Trovatti, . E., Fernandes, . K. P. S., Prates, . R. A., Ferrari, . R. A. M. & Bussadori, . S. K. (2026) Beetroot Extract Solution as a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy- An in Vitro Study. J Pharmacol Pharm Res, 3 (2), 42-53. doi:10.5455/JPPR.20250820113600

Turabian Style

Duran, Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez, Ana Paula Taboada Sobral, Amanda Rafaelly Honório Mandetta, Marcela Letícia Leal Goncalves, Monica Rosas Da Costa Iemma, Eliane Trovatti, Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes, Renato Araujo Prates, Raquel Agnelli Mesquita Ferrari, and Sandra Kalil Bussadori. 2026. Beetroot Extract Solution as a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy- An in Vitro Study. Journal of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Research, 3 (2), 42-53. doi:10.5455/JPPR.20250820113600

Chicago Style

Duran, Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez, Ana Paula Taboada Sobral, Amanda Rafaelly Honório Mandetta, Marcela Letícia Leal Goncalves, Monica Rosas Da Costa Iemma, Eliane Trovatti, Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes, Renato Araujo Prates, Raquel Agnelli Mesquita Ferrari, and Sandra Kalil Bussadori. "Beetroot Extract Solution as a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy- An in Vitro Study." Journal of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Research 3 (2026), 42-53. doi:10.5455/JPPR.20250820113600

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Duran, Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez, Ana Paula Taboada Sobral, Amanda Rafaelly Honório Mandetta, Marcela Letícia Leal Goncalves, Monica Rosas Da Costa Iemma, Eliane Trovatti, Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes, Renato Araujo Prates, Raquel Agnelli Mesquita Ferrari, and Sandra Kalil Bussadori. "Beetroot Extract Solution as a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy- An in Vitro Study." Journal of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Research 3.2 (2026), 42-53. Print. doi:10.5455/JPPR.20250820113600

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Duran, C. C. G., Sobral, . A. P. T., Mandetta, . A. R. H., Goncalves, . M. L. L., Iemma, . M. R. D. C., Trovatti, . E., Fernandes, . K. P. S., Prates, . R. A., Ferrari, . R. A. M. & Bussadori, . S. K. (2026) Beetroot Extract Solution as a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy- An in Vitro Study. Journal of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Research, 3 (2), 42-53. doi:10.5455/JPPR.20250820113600